Jack London His Life and Work

John Griffith Chaney, better known by his pseudonym Jack London, was born on January 12, 1876. He was an American author who wrote fiction and nonfiction books, short stories, poems, plays, and essays. He was a very prolific writer and achieved worldwide literary success prior to his death on November 22, 1916. Early Years Jack London was born in San Francisco, California. His mother, Flora Wellman, became pregnant with Jack while living with William Chaney, an attorney and astrologer. Chaney left Wellman and did not play an active role in Jacks life. In the year that Jack was born, Wellman married John London, a Civil War veteran. They stayed in California, but moved to the Bay Area and then to Oakland. The Londons were a working-class family. Jack completed grade school and then took a series of jobs involving hard labor. By the age of 13, he was working 12 to 18 hours per day in a cannery. Jack also shoveled coal, pirated oysters, and worked aboard a sealing ship. It was aboard this ship that he experienced adventures that inspired some of his first stories. In 1893, at the encouragement of his mother, he entered a writing contest, told one of the stories, and won first prize. This contest inspired him to devote himself to writing. Jack returned to high school a couple of years later and then briefly attended the University of California at Berkeley. He eventually left school and went to Canada to try his luck in the Klondike Gold Rush. This time in the north further convinced him that he had many stories to tell. He began to write daily and sold some of his short stories to publications like Overland Monthly in 1899. Personal Life Jack London married Elizabeth Bessie Maddern on April 7, 1900. Their wedding was held on the same day that his first short story collection, Son of the Wolf, was published. Between 1901 and 1902, the couple had two daughters, Joan and Bessie, the latter of which was nicknamed Becky. In 1903, London moved out of the family home. He divorced Bessie in 1904. In 1905, London married his second wife Charmian Kittredge, who worked as a secretary for Londons publisher MacMillan. Kittredge helped to inspire many of the female characters in Londons later works. She went on to become a published writer. Political Views Jack London held socialist views. These views were evident in his writing, speeches and other activities. He was a member of the Socialist Labor Party and the Socialist Party of America. He was a Socialist candidate for mayor of Oakland in 1901 and 1905, but did not receive the votes he needed to get elected. He made several socialist-themed speeches across the country in 1906 and also published several essays sharing his socialist views. Famous Works Jack London published his first two novels, The Cruise of the Dazzler and A Daughter of the Snows in 1902. A year later, at the age of 27, he achieved commercial success with his most famous novel,  The Call of the Wild. This short adventure novel was set during the 1890s Klondike Gold Rush, which London experienced firsthand during his year in Yukon, and centered around a St. Bernard-Scotch Shepherd named Buck. The book remains in print today. In 1906, London published his second most famous novel as a companion novel to The Call of the Wild. Titled  White Fang, the novel is set during the 1890s Klondike Gold Rush and tells the story of a wild wolfdog named White Fang. The book was an immediate success and has since been adapted into movies and a television series. Novels The Cruise of the Dazzler (1902)A Daughter of the Snows (1902)The Call of the Wild (1903)The Kempton-Wace Letters (1903)The Sea-Wolf (1904)The Game (1905)White Fang (1906)Before Adam (1907)The Iron Heel (1908)Martin Eden (1909)Burning Daylight (1910)Adventure (1911)The Scarlet Plague (1912)A Son of the Sun (1912)The Abysmal Brute (1913)The Valley of the Moon (1913)The Mutiny of the Elsinore (1914)The Star Rover (1915)The Little Lady of the Big House (1916)Jerry of the Islands (1917)Michael, Brother of Jerry (1917)Hearts of Three (1920)The Assassination Bureau, Ltd (1963) Short Story Collections Son of the Wolf (1900)Chris Farrington, Able Seaman (1901)The God of His Fathers Other Stories (1901)Children of the Frost (1902)The Faith of Men and Other Stories (1904)Tales of the Fish Patrol (1906)Moon-Face and Other Stories (1906)Love of Life and Other Stories (1907)Lost Face (1910)South Sea Tales (1911)When God Laughs and Other Stories (1911)The House of Pride Other Tales of Hawaii (1912)Smoke Bellew (1912)A Son of the Sun (1912)The Night Born (1913)The Strength of the Strong (1914)The Turtles of Tasman (1916)The Human Drift (1917)The Red One (1918)On the Makaloa Mat (1919)Dutch Courage and Other Stories (1922) Short Stories An Old Soldiers Story (1894)Who Believes in Ghosts! (1895)And FRISCO Kid Came Back (1895)Nights Swim In Yeddo Bay (1895)One More Unfortunate (1895)Sakaicho, Hona Asi And Hakadaki (1895)A Klondike Christmas (1897)Mahatmas Little Joke (1897)O Haru (1897)Plague Ship (1897)The Strange Experience Of A Misogynist (1897)Two Gold Bricks (1897)The Devils Dice Box (1898)A Dream Image (1898)The Test: A Clondyke Wooing (1898)To the Man on Trail (1898)In a Far Country (1899)The King of Mazy May (1899)The End Of The Chapter (1899)The Grilling Of Loren Ellery (1899)The Handsome Cabin Boy (1899)In The Time Of Prince Charley (1899)Old Baldy (1899)The Men of Forty Mile (1899)Pluck And Pertinacity (1899)The Rejuvenation of Major Rathbone (1899)The White Silence (1899)A Thousand Deaths (1899)Wisdom of the Trail (1899)An Odyssey of the North (1900)The Son of the Wolf (1900)Even unto Death (1900)The Man with the Gash (1900)A Lesson In Heraldry (1900)A Northland Miracle (1900)Proper GIRLIE (1900)Thanksgivi ng On Slav Creek (1900)Their Alcove (1900)Housekeeping In The Klondike (1900)Dutch Courage (1900)Where the Trail Forks (1900)Hyperborean Brew (1901)A Relic of the Pliocene (1901)The Lost Poacher (1901)The God of His Fathers (1901)FRISCO Kids Story (1901)The Law of Life (1901)The Minions of Midas (1901)In the Forests of the North (1902)The Fuzziness of Hoockla-Heen (1902)The Story of Keesh (1902)Keesh, Son of Keesh (1902)Nam-Bok, the Unveracious (1902)Li Wan the Fair (1902)Lost Face (1902)Master of Mystery (1902)The Sunlanders (1902)The Death of Ligoun (1902)Moon-Face (1902)Diable—A Dog (1902)To Build a Fire (1902)The League of the Old Men (1902)The Dominant Primordial Beast (1903)The One Thousand Dozen (1903)The Marriage of Lit-lit (1903)The Shadow and the Flash (1903)The Leopard Mans Story (1903)Negore the Coward (1904)All Gold Caà ±on (1905)Love of Life (1905)The Sun-Dog Trail (1905)The Apostate (1906)Up The Slide (1906)Planchette (1906)Brown Wolf (1906)Make Westing (1907) Chased By The Trail (1907)Trust (1908)A Curious Fragment (1908)Aloha Oe (1908)That Spot (1908)The Enemy of All the World (1908)The House of Mapuhi (1909)Good-by, Jack (1909)Samuel (1909)South of the Slot (1909)The Chinago (1909)The Dream of Debs (1909)The Madness of John Harned (1909)The Seed of McCoy (1909)A Piece of Steak (1909)Mauki (1909)Goliath (1910)The Unparalleled Invasion (1910)Told in the Drooling Ward (1910)When the World was Young (1910)The Terrible Solomons (1910)The Inevitable White Man (1910)The Heathen (1910)Yah! Yah! Yah! (1910)By the Turtles of Tasman (1911)The Mexican (1911)War (1911)The Unmasking Of The Cad (1911)The Scarlet Plague (1912)The Captain Of The Susan Drew (1912)The Sea-Farmer (1912)The Feathers of the Sun (1912)The Prodigal Father (1912)Samuel (1913)The Sea-Gangsters (1913)The Strength of the Strong (1914)Told in the Drooling Ward (1914)The Hussy (1916)Like Argus of the Ancient Times (1917)Jerry of the Islands (1917)The Red One (1918)Shin-Bones (1918) The Bones of Kahekili (1919) Plays Theft (1910)Daughters of the Rich: A One Act Play (1915)The Acorn Planter: A California Forest Play (1916) Autobiographical Memoirs The Road (1907)The Cruise of the Snark (1911)John Barleycorn (1913) Nonfiction and Essays Through The Rapids On The Way To The Klondike (1899)From Dawson To The Sea (1899)What Communities Lose By The Competitive System (1900)The Impossibility Of War (1900)Phenomena Of Literary Evolution (1900)A Letter To Houghton Mifflin Co. (1900)Husky, Wolf Dog Of The North (1900)Editorial Crimes – A Protest (1901)Again The Literary Aspirant (1902)The People of the Abyss (1903)How I Became a Socialist (1903)The War of the Classes (1905)The Story Of An Eyewitness (1906)A Letter To Womans Home Companion (1906)Revolution, and other Essays (1910)Mexicos Army And Ours (1914)Lawgivers (1914)Our Adventures In Tampico (1914)Stalking The Pestilence (1914)The Red Game Of War (1914)The Trouble Makers Of Mexico (1914)With Funston’s Men (1914) Poetry Je Vis En Espoir (1897)A Heart (1899)He Chortled With Glee (1899)If I Were God (1899)Daybreak (1901)Effusion (1901)In A Year (1901)Sonnet (1901)Where The Rainbow Fell (1902)The Song Of The Flames (1903)The Gift Of God (1905)The Republican Battle-Hymn (1905)When All The World Shouted My Name (1905)The Way Of War (1906)In And Out (1911)The Mammon Worshippers (1911)The Worker And The Tramp (1911)He Never Tried Again (1912)My Confession (1912)The Socialist’s Dream (1912)Too Late (1912)Abalone Song (1913)Cupid’s Deal (1913)George Sterling (1913)His Trip To Hades (1913)Hors De Saison (1913)Memory (1913)Moods (1913)The Lover’s Liturgy (1913)Weasel Thieves (1913)And Some Night (1914)Ballade Of The False Lover (1914)Homeland (1914)My Little Palmist (1914)Rainbows End (1914)The Klondyker’s Dream (1914)Your Kiss (1914)Gold (1915)Of Man Of The Future (1915)Oh You Everybodys Girl (1915)On The Face Of The Earth You Are The One (1915)The Return Of Ulysses (1915)Tick! Tic k! Tick! (1915)Republican Rallying Song (1916)The Sea Sprite And The Shooting Star (1916) Famous Quotes Many of Jack Londons most famous quotes come directly from his published works. However, London was also a frequent public speaker, giving lectures on everything from his outdoor adventures to socialism and other political topics. Here are a few quotes from his speeches: Why should there be one empty belly in all the world, when the work of ten men can feed a hundred? What if my brother be not so strong as I? He has not sinned. Wherefore should he hunger—he and his sinless little ones? Away with the old law. There is food and shelter for all, therefore let all receive food and shelter.—Jack London, Wanted: A New Law of Development (Socialist Democratic Party Speech, 1901)Out of their constitutional optimism, and because a class struggle is an abhorred and dangerous thing, the great American people are unanimous in asserting that there is no class struggle.—Jack London, The Class Struggle (Ruskin Club Speech, 1903)Since to give least for most, and to give most for least, are universally bad, what remains? Equity remains, which is to give like for like, the same for the same, neither more nor less.—Jack London, The Scab (Oakland Socialist Party Local Speech, 1903)   Death Jack London died at the age of 40 on November 22, 1916 at his home in California. Rumors circulated about the manner of his death, with some claiming that he committed suicide. However, he had suffered numerous health issues later in life, and the official cause of death was noted as kidney disease. Impact and Legacy Although it is common nowadays for books to be made into films, that was not the case in Jack Londons day. He was one of the first writers to work with a film company when his novel, The Sea-Wolf,  was turned into the first full-length American movie.   London was also a pioneer in the science fiction genre. He wrote about apocalyptic catastrophes, future wars and scientific dystopias before it was common to do so. Later science fiction writers, such as George Orwell, cite Londons books, including  Before Adam and  The Iron Heel, as an influence on their work. Bibliography â€Å"Jack London.†Ã‚  Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 2 Apr. 2014, www.biography.com/people/jack-london-9385499.â€Å"Jack London - A Brief Biography.† JackLondonPark.com, jacklondonpark.com/jack-london-biography.html.â€Å"The Class Struggle (Speech first given before a Ruskin Club banquet in the Hotel Metropole on Friday, October 9, 1903.).†Ã‚  Sonoma State University, london.sonoma.edu/writings/WarOfTheClasses/struggle.html.â€Å"THE SCAB (Speech first given before the Oakland Socialist Party Local, April 5, 1903).†Ã‚  Sonoma State University, london.sonoma.edu/writings/WarOfTheClasses/scab.html.â€Å"Wanted: A New Law of Development (Speech first given before the Socialist Democratic Party on Thursday, August 1, 1901.).†Ã‚  Sonoma State University, london.sonoma.edu/writings/WarOfTheClasses/wanted.html.Kingman, Russ.  A Pictorial Life of Jack London. Crown Publishers, 1980.Stasz, Clarice. â€Å"Jack London: Biography.† Sonoma St ate University, london.sonoma.edu/jackbio.html.Stasz, Clarice. â€Å"The Science Fiction of Jack London.†Ã‚  Sonoma State University, london.sonoma.edu/students/scifi.html.Williams, James. â€Å"Jack Londons Works by Date of Composition.†Ã‚  Sonoma State University, london.sonoma.edu/Bibliographies/comp_date.html.

Study Uses A Descriptive Research Method - 993 Words

This study uses a descriptive research method. Descriptive research tends to combine both qualitative and quantitative methods in its approach. The aim of descriptive research is not to discover a clear cut, cause-and-effect relationship so much as illustrate the realities of a situation at its surface, leaving the analysis of those facts to the researcher. DATA SOURCES: Primary Data: The Primary data was collected by administering a structured survey to employees and also through observations, interviews, and discussion with a management team. Secondary Data: The secondary data was collected through Internet research, records from Choongam Sports Center, etc. SAMPLING DESIGN: Sample population: There are total 50 employees working in the organization. Sample Size: Out of the total population, the sample is taken among respondents from Choongam Sports Center employees. Sample Area: The research was conducted at Choongam Sports Center. 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Forests Free Essays

string(42) " The largest sanctuary is in West Bengal\." INTRODUCTION The  Wildlife in India  is a mix of species of different types of organisms. The forests of India are ancient in nature and composition. Indian people need to have more wildlife education. We will write a custom essay sample on Forests or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are rich in variety and shelter a wide range of flora and fauna and insects. The fact they have existed from time immemorial is substantiated from the ancient texts all of which have some mention of the forests. Even today in parts of India the sacred forests exist and are worshiped. The wildlife in India is equally diverse and rich. From big animals like elephants and tiger and deers and bisons to small reptiles the Indian forests are teeming with life force. But unfortunately most Indians don’t understand the importance of this rich wealth of forest and wildlife India has. Felling of tress and illegal poaching of animals are fast depleting the forest and wild life wealth of India. So efforts must be taken to stop these malpractices and conserve the forest and wild life of India. KINDS OF NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resources are resources in the environment that have not been disturbed by mankind. By resource, one refers to any physical entity which has limited availability. These resources occur in their natural form. Few examples are as follows: 1. Air, wind, and atmosphere 2. Plants (Flora) 3. Animals (Fauna) 4. Agronomy (the science of using plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber) 5. Wildlife 6. Forestry and Agroforestry 7. Coal and fossil fuels 8. Range and pasture 9. Soils 10. Water, oceans, lakes, and rivers Something that people generally aren’t aware of is that everything we use in everyday life is derived from natural resources. For example, milk, which comes from cows, vegetables that come from plants, salt which is a mineral, etc. Wood that we get from tree is another example. It can be used to build a house, make paper, burn in fireplaces and in stoves for cooking, etc. FOREST RESOURCES Forests have a tremendous importance to the humans. They constitute important components of our environment. Forests are important renewable natural resource. Forest ecosystem is dominated by trees, the species varying in different parts of the world. Forests are intimately linked with our culture and civilization. The chief products which forests supply is wood which is used as fuel raw materials, new materials for various industries as pulp, paper, board, plywood, timber for furniture items. Forests influence flood conditions by intercepting surface run-off infiltration, evaporation, and most importantly provide suitable habitats for a number of important plant and animal species and this help in maintaining a broad genetic base from which future strains of species could be developed. Forests also have aesthetic and tourist values. Forest resources play an important role in the development of regions, states and nations. SOIL EROSION Soil erosion is when the soil is  blown away  by the wind orwashed away  by the rain. Soil erosion is common in areas with steep slopes, where trees have been cut down, in droughts when crops and other vegetation grows poorly and in rural areas which are overpopulated. Nepal, in the Himalayan Mountains, has severe problems caused by increased population density and steep slopes. Soil erosion can be reduced by building terraces on hillsides, irrigation schemes to overcome droughts, planting more trees to bind the soil together and make wind breaks, and using fertilisers in overpopulated areas to make the soil more fertile. It is very important that the farming techniques used do not damage the structure of the soil, as this makes it easily eroded. Good farming techniques include contour ploughing, crop rotation and keeping the soil rich in humus. THINGS WE GET FROM FOREST Trees  are amazing! They provide beauty, shade, oxygen, clean air and water, fruit, nuts and wood products such as paper, furniture and housing. These benefits are well known. But did you know that literally thousands of products are made from trees? Many are surprising! From the medicine L-Dopa for treating Parkinson’s Disease, to film in your camera, forest products are all around us. When Trees are used  to make lumber and plywood, there are leftover chips, bark sawdust. The chips and sawdust are made into wood pulp for paper and other products. Not too long ago, those leftovers would have been burned as waste. Bark is used for landscaping, and to generate electricity for paper and lumber mills. Modern forest products operations are very efficient at using every part of a tree. Nothing is wasted. Wood  is made of tiny fibers  (cellulose)  and the natural glue that holds them together  (lignin). When wood is turned into pulp for paper, heat and chemicals dissolve the lignin and release the cellulose fibers. Byproducts of this process are used in asphalt, paint, chewing gum, detergents and turpentine. TYPES OF FOREST Piece of land that is thickly covered with trees is the general of definition of a forest. Forest is also known as woods, weald or woodlands. Forests cover approximately 30% of land and 9. 4% of all the planet earth. They are also responsible for regulating our planet’s climate and act as large purifiers of airs, by absorbing carbon dioxide, and giving out oxygen. Types of forests are classified differently from one and another depending upon the species developed with the age of forests, soil found in those forests, the density of trees and history of the geological region. So forests are divided into following main types: * Tropical forest * Sub tropical forest * Plantations * Boreal Forest * Temperate forest * Seasonal or monsoon forest CONSERVATION OF FOREST Our Government has also made laws to prevent unnecessary felling of trees. Government has decided to declare certain forests as protected areas. These protected areas are called Reserves or wild Life Sanctuaries. Here no one is allowed to hunt animals. There are about 150 wild life sanctuaries in India. People come from all over the world to see these sanctuaries. They consist of some of the most beautiful and rare animals. The largest sanctuary is in West Bengal. You read "Forests" in category "Papers" It is called the Sunderbans. This sanctuary is famous for its Bengal tigers. The other well known sanctuaries are Kaziranga in Assam, in Gujarat, Bundipur in Karnataka, Kanha in Madhya Pradesh. Corbetf in Uttar Pradesh, Palamau in Bihar and Periyar in Kerala. The Government has made plans to grow more trees. Vanmahotsava is celebrated every year to plant more trees. Thousands of school children participate in the Van-mahotsava and plant trees every year. Chipko Movement and Narmada Bachao Andolan are some of the movements to save forests and wild life in India. Chipko Movement was started by Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna in Tehri District of Uttar Pradesh. The women of a village in Tehri clung to the trees and protected them from being cut down. Shrimati Medha Patekar started a Movement named Narmada Bachao Andolan to save the forests and wild life in the Narmada region. DEFORESTATION Deforestation,  clearance  or  clearing  is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. About half of the world’s original forests had been destroyed by 2011, the majority during the previous 50 years. Since 1990 half of the world’s  rain forests  have been destroyed. More than half of the animal and plant species in the world live in tropical forests. The term  deforestation  is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in  temperate climates, the  removal of all trees in an area in conformance with  sustainable forestry  practices—is correctly described as  regeneration harvest. In  temperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic. Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss after naturally occurring rainforest destruction. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of  charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as  pasture  for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. AFFORESTATION Afforestation  is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no forest. Reforestation  is the reestablishment of forest cover, either naturally (by natural seeding, coppice, or root suckers) or artificially (by direct seeding or planting). Many governments and non-governmental organizations directly engage in programs of  afforestation  to create forests, increase  carbon capture  and  sequestration, and help to anthropogenically improve  biodiversity. (In the UK, afforestation may mean converting the legal status of some land to â€Å"royal forest†. ) Special tools, e. g. tree planting bar, are used to make planting of trees easier and faster. Less than 0,5% of South Africa is covered by indigenous forests. Owing to their slow growth and sensitivity to logging, these forests cannot supply the majority of our country’s wood requirements. Additional fast-growing trees are planted to cater for the demand for wood products. Commercial forests, or plantations, cover 1,1% of South Africa. VANAMAHOTSAVA Van=forests mahotsava=festival So vanamahotsava is the festival of forests. The day to remind all of us that we should take care of priceless forests. Vanamahotsava is a big celebration day for forest officials, forest rangers, DFOs, employees, and their contractors, suppliers, mahaldars etc. On this day they all get together and take decision n promise for the coming year and calculate the present year’s gross income. On this day they enquire about their deposit in the bank, the deposit which is said to be their side income, happens to b their monthly salary and send their family member to the bank to meet the branch manager to enquire how to make fixed deposits in some Alia’s name. Actually they not require the meagre salary they earn as their legitimate income, when they earn daily in multiples of that. WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES India  has over 441  animal sanctuaries, referred to as  Wildlife sanctuaries  (IUCN  Category IVProtected Area). Among these, the 28  Tiger Reserves  are governed by  Project Tiger, and are of special significance in the conservation of the  tiger. Some wildlife sanctuaries are specifically named  Bird Sanctuary, e. g. Keoladeo National Park  before attained National Park status. Many National Parks were initially Wildlife Sanctuaries. Wildlife sanctuaries of national importance to conservation, usually due to some flagship faunal species, are named  National Wildlife Sanctuary, like  National Chambal (Gharial) Wildlife Sanctuary  for conserving the  Gharial  (1978) NATIONAL PARKS A  national park  is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns. It is most commonly a  natural park. Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, an international organization, the  International Union for Conservation of Nature  (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined â€Å"National Park† as its  Category II  type of  protected areas. While ideas for this type of national park had been suggested previously, the United States established the first such one,  Yellowstone National Park, in 1872. The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is the  Northeast Greenland National Park, which was established in 1974. According to the IUCN, there were 6,555 national parks worldwide in 2006 that meet its criteria. INTRODUCTION The  Wildlife in India  is a mix of species of different types of organisms. The forests of India are ancient in nature and composition. Indian people need to have more wildlife education. They are rich in variety and shelter a wide range of flora and fauna and insects. The fact they have existed from time immemorial is substantiated from the ancient texts all of which have some mention of the forests. Even today in parts of India the sacred forests exist and are worshiped. The wildlife in India is equally diverse and rich. From big animals like elephants and tiger and deers and bisons to small reptiles the Indian forests are teeming with life force. But unfortunately most Indians don’t understand the importance of this rich wealth of forest and wildlife India has. Felling of tress and illegal poaching of animals are fast depleting the forest and wild life wealth of India. So efforts must be taken to stop these malpractices and conserve the forest and wild life of India. KINDS OF NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resources are resources in the environment that have not been disturbed by mankind. By resource, one refers to any physical entity which has limited availability. These resources occur in their natural form. Few examples are as follows: 1. Air, wind, and atmosphere 2. Plants (Flora) 3. Animals (Fauna) 4. Agronomy (the science of using plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber) 5. Wildlife 6. Forestry and Agroforestry 7. Coal and fossil fuels 8. Range and pasture . Soils 10. Water, oceans, lakes, and rivers Something that people generally aren’t aware of is that everything we use in everyday life is derived from natural resources. For example, milk, which comes from cows, vegetables that come from plants, salt which is a mineral, etc. Wood that we get from tree is another example. It can be used to build a house, make paper, burn in fireplaces and in stoves for cooking, etc. FOREST RESOURCES Forests have a tremendous importance to the humans. They constitute important components of our environment. Forests are important renewable natural resource. Forest ecosystem is dominated by trees, the species varying in different parts of the world. Forests are intimately linked with our culture and civilization. The chief products which forests supply is wood which is used as fuel raw materials, new materials for various industries as pulp, paper, board, plywood, timber for furniture items. Forests influence flood conditions by intercepting surface run-off infiltration, evaporation, and most importantly provide suitable habitats for a number of important plant and animal species and this help in maintaining a broad genetic base from which future strains of species could be developed. Forests also have aesthetic and tourist values. Forest resources play an important role in the development of regions, states and nations. SOIL EROSION Soil erosion is when the soil is  blown away  by the wind orwashed away  by the rain. Soil erosion is common in areas with steep slopes, where trees have been cut down, in droughts when crops and other vegetation grows poorly and in rural areas which are overpopulated. Nepal, in the Himalayan Mountains, has severe problems caused by increased population density and steep slopes. Soil erosion can be reduced by building terraces on hillsides, irrigation schemes to overcome droughts, planting more trees to bind the soil together and make wind breaks, and using fertilisers in overpopulated areas to make the soil more fertile. It is very important that the farming techniques used do not damage the structure of the soil, as this makes it easily eroded. Good farming techniques include contour ploughing, crop rotation and keeping the soil rich in humus. THINGS WE GET FROM FOREST Trees  are amazing! They provide beauty, shade, oxygen, clean air and water, fruit, nuts and wood products such as paper, furniture and housing. These benefits are well known. But did you know that literally thousands of products are made from trees? Many are surprising! From the medicine L-Dopa for treating Parkinson’s Disease, to film in your camera, forest products are all around us. When Trees are used  to make lumber and plywood, there are leftover chips, bark sawdust. The chips and sawdust are made into wood pulp for paper and other products. Not too long ago, those leftovers would have been burned as waste. Bark is used for landscaping, and to generate electricity for paper and lumber mills. Modern forest products operations are very efficient at using every part of a tree. Nothing is wasted. Wood  is made of tiny fibers  (cellulose)  and the natural glue that holds them together  (lignin). When wood is turned into pulp for paper, heat and chemicals dissolve the lignin and release the cellulose fibers. Byproducts of this process are used in asphalt, paint, chewing gum, detergents and turpentine. TYPES OF FOREST Piece of land that is thickly covered with trees is the general of definition of a forest. Forest is also known as woods, weald or woodlands. Forests cover approximately 30% of land and 9. 4% of all the planet earth. They are also responsible for regulating our planet’s climate and act as large purifiers of airs, by absorbing carbon dioxide, and giving out oxygen. Types of forests are classified differently from one and another depending upon the species developed with the age of forests, soil found in those forests, the density of trees and history of the geological region. So forests are divided into following main types: * Tropical forest * Sub tropical forest * Plantations * Boreal Forest * Temperate forest * Seasonal or monsoon forest CONSERVATION OF FOREST Our Government has also made laws to prevent unnecessary felling of trees. Government has decided to declare certain forests as protected areas. These protected areas are called Reserves or wild Life Sanctuaries. Here no one is allowed to hunt animals. There are about 150 wild life sanctuaries in India. People come from all over the world to see these sanctuaries. They consist of some of the most beautiful and rare animals. The largest sanctuary is in West Bengal. It is called the Sunderbans. This sanctuary is famous for its Bengal tigers. The other well known sanctuaries are Kaziranga in Assam, in Gujarat, Bundipur in Karnataka, Kanha in Madhya Pradesh. Corbetf in Uttar Pradesh, Palamau in Bihar and Periyar in Kerala. The Government has made plans to grow more trees. Vanmahotsava is celebrated every year to plant more trees. Thousands of school children participate in the Van-mahotsava and plant trees every year. Chipko Movement and Narmada Bachao Andolan are some of the movements to save forests and wild life in India. Chipko Movement was started by Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna in Tehri District of Uttar Pradesh. The women of a village in Tehri clung to the trees and protected them from being cut down. Shrimati Medha Patekar started a Movement named Narmada Bachao Andolan to save the forests and wild life in the Narmada region. DEFORESTATION Deforestation,  clearance  or  clearing  is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. About half of the world’s original forests had been destroyed by 2011, the majority during the previous 50 years. Since 1990 half of the world’s  rain forests  have been destroyed. More than half of the animal and plant species in the world live in tropical forests. The term  deforestation  is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in  temperate climates, the  removal of all trees in an area in conformance with  sustainable forestry  practices—is correctly described as  regeneration harvest. In  temperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic. Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss after naturally occurring rainforest destruction. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of  charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as  pasture  for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. AFFORESTATION Afforestation  is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no forest. Reforestation  is the reestablishment of forest cover, either naturally (by natural seeding, coppice, or root suckers) or artificially (by direct seeding or planting). Many governments and non-governmental organizations directly engage in programs of  afforestation  to create forests, increase  carbon capture  and  sequestration, and help to anthropogenically improve  biodiversity. (In the UK, afforestation may mean converting the legal status of some land to â€Å"royal forest†. ) Special tools, e. g. tree planting bar, are used to make planting of trees easier and faster. Less than 0,5% of South Africa is covered by indigenous forests. Owing to their slow growth and sensitivity to logging, these forests cannot supply the majority of our country’s wood requirements. Additional fast-growing trees are planted to cater for the demand for wood products. Commercial forests, or plantations, cover 1,1% of South Africa. VANAMAHOTSAVA Van=forests mahotsava=festival So vanamahotsava is the festival of forests. The day to remind all of us that we should take care of priceless forests. Vanamahotsava is a big celebration day for forest officials, forest rangers, DFOs, employees, and their contractors, suppliers, mahaldars etc. On this day they all get together and take decision n promise for the coming year and calculate the present year’s gross income. On this day they enquire about their deposit in the bank, the deposit which is said to be their side income, happens to b their monthly salary and send their family member to the bank to meet the branch manager to enquire how to make fixed deposits in some Alia’s name. Actually they not require the meagre salary they earn as their legitimate income, when they earn daily in multiples of that. WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES India  has over 441  animal sanctuaries, referred to as  Wildlife sanctuaries  (IUCN  Category IVProtected Area). Among these, the 28  Tiger Reserves  are governed by  Project Tiger, and are of special significance in the conservation of the  tiger. Some wildlife sanctuaries are specifically named  Bird Sanctuary, e. g. Keoladeo National Park  before attained National Park status. Many National Parks were initially Wildlife Sanctuaries. Wildlife sanctuaries of national importance to conservation, usually due to some flagship faunal species, are named  National Wildlife Sanctuary, like  National Chambal (Gharial) Wildlife Sanctuary  for conserving the  Gharial  (1978) NATIONAL PARKS A  national park  is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns. It is most commonly a  natural park. Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, an international organization, the  International Union for Conservation of Nature  (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined â€Å"National Park† as its  Category II  type of  protected areas. While ideas for this type of national park had been suggested previously, the United States established the first such one,  Yellowstone National Park, in 1872. The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is the  Northeast Greenland National Park, which was established in 1974. According to the IUCN, there were 6,555 national parks worldwide in 2006 that meet its criteria. CONCLUSION Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of  human activity  on  wildlife. The science of extinction. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living being that is at the danger of becoming extinct because of several reasons. Either they are few in number or are threatened by the varying environmental or predation parameters. The endangered species in India have been identified by different national and international organisations like the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII). INTRODUCTION The  Wildlife in India  is a mix of species of different types of organisms. The forests of India are ancient in nature and composition. Indian people need to have more wildlife education. They are rich in variety and shelter a wide range of flora and fauna and insects. The fact they have existed from time immemorial is substantiated from the ancient texts all of which have some mention of the forests. Even today in parts of India the sacred forests exist and are worshiped. The wildlife in India is equally diverse and rich. From big animals like elephants and tiger and deers and bisons to small reptiles the Indian forests are teeming with life force. But unfortunately most Indians don’t understand the importance of this rich wealth of forest and wildlife India has. Felling of tress and illegal poaching of animals are fast depleting the forest and wild life wealth of India. So efforts must be taken to stop these malpractices and conserve the forest and wild life of India. KINDS OF NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resources are resources in the environment that have not been disturbed by mankind. By resource, one refers to any physical entity which has limited availability. These resources occur in their natural form. Few examples are as follows: 1. Air, wind, and atmosphere 2. Plants (Flora) 3. Animals (Fauna) 4. Agronomy (the science of using plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber) 5. Wildlife 6. Forestry and Agroforestry 7. Coal and fossil fuels 8. Range and pasture . Soils 10. Water, oceans, lakes, and rivers Something that people generally aren’t aware of is that everything we use in everyday life is derived from natural resources. For example, milk, which comes from cows, vegetables that come from plants, salt which is a mineral, etc. Wood that we get from tree is another example. It can be used to build a house, make paper, burn in fireplaces and in stoves for cooking, etc. FOREST RESOURCES Forests have a tremendous importance to the humans. They constitute important components of our environment. Forests are important renewable natural resource. Forest ecosystem is dominated by trees, the species varying in different parts of the world. Forests are intimately linked with our culture and civilization. The chief products which forests supply is wood which is used as fuel raw materials, new materials for various industries as pulp, paper, board, plywood, timber for furniture items. Forests influence flood conditions by intercepting surface run-off infiltration, evaporation, and most importantly provide suitable habitats for a number of important plant and animal species and this help in maintaining a broad genetic base from which future strains of species could be developed. Forests also have aesthetic and tourist values. Forest resources play an important role in the development of regions, states and nations. SOIL EROSION Soil erosion is when the soil is  blown away  by the wind orwashed away  by the rain. Soil erosion is common in areas with steep slopes, where trees have been cut down, in droughts when crops and other vegetation grows poorly and in rural areas which are overpopulated. Nepal, in the Himalayan Mountains, has severe problems caused by increased population density and steep slopes. Soil erosion can be reduced by building terraces on hillsides, irrigation schemes to overcome droughts, planting more trees to bind the soil together and make wind breaks, and using fertilisers in overpopulated areas to make the soil more fertile. It is very important that the farming techniques used do not damage the structure of the soil, as this makes it easily eroded. Good farming techniques include contour ploughing, crop rotation and keeping the soil rich in humus. THINGS WE GET FROM FOREST Trees  are amazing! They provide beauty, shade, oxygen, clean air and water, fruit, nuts and wood products such as paper, furniture and housing. These benefits are well known. But did you know that literally thousands of products are made from trees? Many are surprising! From the medicine L-Dopa for treating Parkinson’s Disease, to film in your camera, forest products are all around us. When Trees are used  to make lumber and plywood, there are leftover chips, bark sawdust. The chips and sawdust are made into wood pulp for paper and other products. Not too long ago, those leftovers would have been burned as waste. Bark is used for landscaping, and to generate electricity for paper and lumber mills. Modern forest products operations are very efficient at using every part of a tree. Nothing is wasted. Wood  is made of tiny fibers  (cellulose)  and the natural glue that holds them together  (lignin). When wood is turned into pulp for paper, heat and chemicals dissolve the lignin and release the cellulose fibers. Byproducts of this process are used in asphalt, paint, chewing gum, detergents and turpentine. TYPES OF FOREST Piece of land that is thickly covered with trees is the general of definition of a forest. Forest is also known as woods, weald or woodlands. Forests cover approximately 30% of land and 9. 4% of all the planet earth. They are also responsible for regulating our planet’s climate and act as large purifiers of airs, by absorbing carbon dioxide, and giving out oxygen. Types of forests are classified differently from one and another depending upon the species developed with the age of forests, soil found in those forests, the density of trees and history of the geological region. So forests are divided into following main types: * Tropical forest * Sub tropical forest * Plantations * Boreal Forest * Temperate forest * Seasonal or monsoon forest CONSERVATION OF FOREST Our Government has also made laws to prevent unnecessary felling of trees. Government has decided to declare certain forests as protected areas. These protected areas are called Reserves or wild Life Sanctuaries. Here no one is allowed to hunt animals. There are about 150 wild life sanctuaries in India. People come from all over the world to see these sanctuaries. They consist of some of the most beautiful and rare animals. The largest sanctuary is in West Bengal. It is called the Sunderbans. This sanctuary is famous for its Bengal tigers. The other well known sanctuaries are Kaziranga in Assam, in Gujarat, Bundipur in Karnataka, Kanha in Madhya Pradesh. Corbetf in Uttar Pradesh, Palamau in Bihar and Periyar in Kerala. The Government has made plans to grow more trees. Vanmahotsava is celebrated every year to plant more trees. Thousands of school children participate in the Van-mahotsava and plant trees every year. Chipko Movement and Narmada Bachao Andolan are some of the movements to save forests and wild life in India. Chipko Movement was started by Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna in Tehri District of Uttar Pradesh. The women of a village in Tehri clung to the trees and protected them from being cut down. Shrimati Medha Patekar started a Movement named Narmada Bachao Andolan to save the forests and wild life in the Narmada region. DEFORESTATION Deforestation,  clearance  or  clearing  is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. About half of the world’s original forests had been destroyed by 2011, the majority during the previous 50 years. Since 1990 half of the world’s  rain forests  have been destroyed. More than half of the animal and plant species in the world live in tropical forests. The term  deforestation  is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in  temperate climates, the  removal of all trees in an area in conformance with  sustainable forestry  practices—is correctly described as  regeneration harvest. In  temperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic. Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss after naturally occurring rainforest destruction. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of  charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as  pasture  for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. AFFORESTATION Afforestation  is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no forest. Reforestation  is the reestablishment of forest cover, either naturally (by natural seeding, coppice, or root suckers) or artificially (by direct seeding or planting). Many governments and non-governmental organizations directly engage in programs of  afforestation  to create forests, increase  carbon capture  and  sequestration, and help to anthropogenically improve  biodiversity. (In the UK, afforestation may mean converting the legal status of some land to â€Å"royal forest†. ) Special tools, e. g. tree planting bar, are used to make planting of trees easier and faster. Less than 0,5% of South Africa is covered by indigenous forests. Owing to their slow growth and sensitivity to logging, these forests cannot supply the majority of our country’s wood requirements. Additional fast-growing trees are planted to cater for the demand for wood products. Commercial forests, or plantations, cover 1,1% of South Africa. VANAMAHOTSAVA Van=forests mahotsava=festival So vanamahotsava is the festival of forests. The day to remind all of us that we should take care of priceless forests. Vanamahotsava is a big celebration day for forest officials, forest rangers, DFOs, employees, and their contractors, suppliers, mahaldars etc. On this day they all get together and take decision n promise for the coming year and calculate the present year’s gross income. On this day they enquire about their deposit in the bank, the deposit which is said to be their side income, happens to b their monthly salary and send their family member to the bank to meet the branch manager to enquire how to make fixed deposits in some Alia’s name. Actually they not require the meagre salary they earn as their legitimate income, when they earn daily in multiples of that. WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES India  has over 441  animal sanctuaries, referred to as  Wildlife sanctuaries  (IUCN  Category IVProtected Area). Among these, the 28  Tiger Reserves  are governed by  Project Tiger, and are of special significance in the conservation of the  tiger. Some wildlife sanctuaries are specifically named  Bird Sanctuary, e. g. Keoladeo National Park  before attained National Park status. Many National Parks were initially Wildlife Sanctuaries. Wildlife sanctuaries of national importance to conservation, usually due to some flagship faunal species, are named  National Wildlife Sanctuary, like  National Chambal (Gharial) Wildlife Sanctuary  for conserving the  Gharial  (1978) NATIONAL PARKS A  national park  is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns. It is most commonly a  natural park. Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, an international organization, the  International Union for Conservation of Nature  (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined â€Å"National Park† as its  Category II  type of  protected areas. While ideas for this type of national park had been suggested previously, the United States established the first such one,  Yellowstone National Park, in 1872. The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is the  Northeast Greenland National Park, which was established in 1974. According to the IUCN, there were 6,555 national parks worldwide in 2006 that meet its criteria. CONCLUSION Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of  human activity  on  wildlife. The science of extinction. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living being that is at the danger of becoming extinct because of several reasons. Either they are few in number or are threatened by the varying environmental or predation parameters. The endangered species in India have been identified by different national and international organisations like the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII). CONCLUSION Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of  human activity  on  wildlife. The science of extinction. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living being that is at the danger of becoming extinct because of several reasons. Either they are few in number or are threatened by the varying environmental or predation parameters. The endangered species in India have been identified by different national and international organisations like the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII). How to cite Forests, Papers